thru fall2018 lecture04
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ackman678
101
neuroanatomy2.md
101
neuroanatomy2.md
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Last time we learned some of the basic cellular anatomy of the nervous system. Today we will put the system in nervous system–– because nervous systems really are greater than the sum of its parts… in other words our brain is not just a blob of cells but it is the interconnections between cells, groups of cells, and brain regions that allow our fantastic feats of emergent biological computation. So lets discuss the overall the structure of the nervous system.
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Last time we learned some of the basic cellular anatomy of the nervous system. Today we will put the system in nervous system–– because nervous systems really are greater than the sum of its parts… in other words our brain is not just a blob of cells but it is the interconnections between cells, groups of cells, and brain regions that allow our fantastic feats of emergent biological computation. So lets discuss the overall the structure of the nervous system.
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First of all it is a system of systems. In other words…
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## Major components of the nervous system and their functional relationships
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<div><figcaption class="big">central nervous system (CNS)</figcaption><video height=200px controls loop src="figs/cns_overview.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
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<div><figcaption class="big">central nervous system (CNS)</figcaption><video height=200px controls loop src="figs/cns_overview.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
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<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-01.10-1R_cfe2e3e.png" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 1.10</figcaption></div>
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Note:
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This illustrates the two top level systems of the nervous system, the CNS containing the brain and spinal cord and the PNS containing nerves and ganglia exiting the spinal cord.
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Middle: illustrates the two top level systems of the nervous system, the CNS containing the brain and spinal cord and the PNS containing nerves and ganglia exiting the spinal cord.
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This diagram outlines the functional hierarchy of different components or systems within the whole nervous system including relations between internal and external environment and sensory receptors in the PNS as well as skeletal muscle and smooth, cardiac muscles that the nervous system controls.
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Right: outlines the functional hierarchy of different components or systems within the whole nervous system including relations between internal and external environment and sensory receptors in the PNS as well as skeletal muscle and smooth, cardiac muscles that the nervous system controls.
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*Don't worry too much about memorizing the exact details of diagrams such as this, focus on the major concepts and their relations*
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right vagus nerve primarily innervates the SA node, whereas the left vagus innervates the AV node
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pns supplies smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. functions to maintain homeostasis, and is concerned with involunary functions.
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* right vagus nerve primarily innervates the SA node, whereas the left vagus innervates the AV node
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* pns supplies smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. functions to maintain homeostasis, and is concerned with involunary functions.
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---
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* Nerves– bundles of axons, enveloped by glial cells that myelinate them
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* White matter– areas of axon tracts
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* Grey matter– areas of cell bodies
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* Grey matter– areas of cell bodies
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<div><img src="figs/coronal7b_21f2276.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>B. Crawford and K. McBurney, Univ. of Victoria</figcaption></div>
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Note:
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* white matter: so named because of the bright shiny appearance to the naked eye
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* gray matter: so named because it is less bright, a little more dull looking. But nothing dull about it.
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--
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## Common techniques to visualize brain structure
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<div><img src="figs/2240_cut_aaaa4be.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
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<div><video height=400px controls src="figs/Animation01-01MagneticResonanceImaging.mp4"></video><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Animation 1.1</figcaption></div>
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<div><video height=400px controls src="figs/Animation01-01MagneticResonanceImaging.mp4"></video><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Animation 1.1</figcaption></div>
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Note:
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## Cell groupings: cortex vs nuclei
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<figure><figcaption class="big">Cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_cell_abf6617.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/2060_cell_labelled.html)</figcaption></figure>
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<figure><figcaption class="big">Cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_cell_abf6617.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/2060_cell_labelled.html)</figcaption></figure>
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Note:
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These are the basic parts of the CNS
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Forebrain
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Forebrain (prosencephalon): telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) + diencephalon (thalamus)
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Brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, medulla, and a portion of the spinal cord
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Brain stem: Mesencephalon (midbrain) + rhombencephalon (pons + medulla). Brain stem includes the midbrain, pons, medulla, and a portion of the spinal cord
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Think about how the nerves represent incoming and outgoing info from a specific location on the body.
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Spinal cord
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cervical enlargement
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Note the order of nerves representing incoming and outgoing info from a specific location on the body.
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lumbar enlargement
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: nerves which supply the lower limbs
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cauda equina
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: nerves that innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs. Includes motor innervation of the hips, knees, ankles, feet, internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
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Spinal nerves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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---
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@@ -234,13 +230,22 @@ It extends…
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It receives sensory…
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So it carries both afferent and efferent information.
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So it carries both afferent and efferent information.
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Nerve fibers…
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Is thicker…
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Cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement
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cervical enlargement
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: refers to thickening where nerves supplying forelimbs attach. Between 5th cervical vertebrae and 1st thoracic vertebrae (C5 to T1)
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lumbar enlargement
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: nerves which supply the lower limbs. 11th thoracic vertebrae to second sacral vertebrae (T11 to S2)
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cauda equina
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: nerves that innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs. Includes motor innervation of the hips, knees, ankles, feet, internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
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Spinal nerves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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---
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This illustrates the overall structure of the spinal cord.
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sympathetic chain ganglia
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: stress, flight or flight response, epinephrine
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: 20–30K cell bodies
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---
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## Internal anatomy of the spinal cord
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Note:
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sympathetic chain ganglia
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: stress, flight or flight response, epinephrine
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: 20–30K cell bodies
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ventral nerve cord: the nervous system of bilaterians like nematodes, annelids and the arthropods (insects)
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neural tube/dorsal nerve cord: chordates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
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---
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*Cervical enlargement: Gray matter expanded to incorporate more sensory input from limbs and more cell bodies for motor control of limbs*
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*Rexed's laminae are cytoarchitectonic divisions of spinal cord gray matter, see Table A1*
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*Rexed's laminae are cytoarchitectonic divisions of spinal cord gray matter, see Table A1* ...don't worry about knowing the lamina
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---
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</div>
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<div style="margin:0 50px;"><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A07-2R_debbe82.png" height="300px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A7</figcaption></div>
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<div style="margin:0 50px;"><figcaption class="big">Ventral surface of brain stem</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A07-2R_debbe82.png" height="300px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A7</figcaption></div>
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Note:
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Note:
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This lists these 12 cranial nerves and their relevant sensory and/or motor function they carry. Notice that many of the nerves carry mixtures of sensory and motor information, which you could see with the color coding on the previous slide. Also notice that 4 of the 12 nerves concern sensory and motor information from the eyes. In fact the cranial nerve containing the most fibers is the optic nerve which contains 1.2 million axons that carries all the information necessary to perceive the visual world around you (compare with 130 million photoreceptors and 0.7 to 1.5 million RGCs)
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This lists these 12 cranial nerves and their relevant sensory and/or motor function they carry.
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Notice that many of the nerves carry mixtures of sensory and motor information, which you could see with the color coding on the previous slide.
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Also notice that 4 of the 12 nerves concern sensory and motor information from the eyes. In fact the cranial nerve containing the most fibers is the optic nerve which contains 1.2 million axons that carries all the information necessary to perceive the visual world around you (compare with 130 million photoreceptors and 0.7 to 1.5 million RGCs)
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---
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Note:
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The tectum of the midbrain, which is latin for ‘roof’ contains the superior and inferior colliculi and is important for processing visual and auditory information as well as shaping motor commands for orienting the head and body.
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The tectum of the midbrain, which is latin for ‘roof’ contains the superior and inferior colliculi and is important for processing visual and auditory information as well as shaping motor commands for orienting the head and body.
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Ventral to the cerebral aqueduct through which cerebral spinal fluid circulates, you will find the tegmentum of the midbrain which contains the —>
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<div><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ATz3AdbjyRI" width="420" height="315"></iframe><figcaption>Mike the headless chicken</figcaption></div>
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[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5556351/Headless-chicken-survives-WEEK-decapitated.html](http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5556351/Headless-chicken-survives-WEEK-decapitated.html)
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Note:
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Well here is a grotesque way of convincing you that all you need to live is your brainstem…
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* survived an axe beheading by Colorado farmer in 1945,
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* survived an axe beheading by Colorado farmer in 1945,
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* lived for 18 months with only a brain stem
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* Fed corn dropped directly into his gullet
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* Fed corn dropped directly into his gullet
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* Mike choked to death during a sideshow tour in 1947, when the farmer was unable to clear Mike's esophagus
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[dailymail 2018, headless chicken in thailand](http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5556351/Headless-chicken-survives-WEEK-decapitated.html)
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---
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## Cerebellum
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Neurons are form cortical sheets.
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Receives…
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---
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The diencephalon contains the…
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The thalamus can be generally thought of as the relay station to the cortex.
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The thalamus can be generally thought of as the relay station to the cortex.
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The hypothalamus lies ventral to the thalamus and controls an array of important physiological functions such as feeding, fluid balance, and hormonal secretions of the endocrine system.
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---
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## Thalamus
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## Thalamus
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* Pair of ovoid structures
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* Incoming sensory information relays in the thalamus before entering the cerebral cortex. Many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions
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## Thalamus– gateway to the cerebral cortex
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<div style="width:400px"><figcaption class="big">Thalamus (brown), ventricles (blue)</figcaption><video height="250px" controls loop src="figs/thalamus.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
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<div style="width:400px"><figcaption class="big">Thalamus (brown), ventricles (blue)</figcaption><video height="250px" controls loop src="figs/thalamus.m4v"></video><figcaption>[C. Krebs CC BY-NC-SA, Univ. British Columbia](http://www.neuroanatomy.ca/3D_files/3D_index.html?id=1)</figcaption></div>
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<div><figcaption class="big">Fiber stain</figcaption><img src="figs/2060_fiber-thalamus_207b466.png" height="250px"><figcaption>[Brain Biodiversity Bank MSU, NSF](https://msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/coronal/montage.html)</figcaption></div>
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*red nucleus is part of midbrain, without a corticospinal tract it controls gait. Baby crawling controlled by red nucleus. Arm swinging while walking*
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---
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--
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## Thalamus subdivisions
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## Laminar organization of neocortex
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* Cortex itself has a thickness of only about 2-4mm
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* Gray matter of human neocortex has a thickness of only about 2-4 mm
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* Similar thickness in other mammals-- cortical gray matter in rodents is 1-2mm!
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* 6 layers (neocortex)
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* Layer IV is the primary input layer
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* Layers II and III are cortico-cortical output layers
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---
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--
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## Defects in cortical development
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<div style="width:500px">
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* Primary cortex
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* Cortical areas that are the primary projection fields targeted by the sensory input pathways
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* Cortical areas that are the principal fields which have neurons that project down into the spinal cord for effecting control
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* Cortical areas that are the principal fields which have neurons that project down into the spinal cord for effecting control
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* Primary visual (calcarine sulcus)
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* Primary auditory
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* Primary somatosensory (post-central gyrus)
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<div style="width: 400px; font-size:0.7em;">
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<div></div>
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* Non-primary cortex
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* Non-primary cortex
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* everything in between
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* referred to collectively as association cortex
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Note:
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---
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--
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## Mapping brain activity with human neuroimaging
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