electric motion fin
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ackman678
48
limbic.md
48
limbic.md
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* Affective (mood) disorders– e.g. depression
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<div style="font-size:0.8em">
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<div></div>
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Note:
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emotion
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</div>
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<div style="width:400px;float:left; margin:0 20px"><img src="figs/ne24_0897_1_4204cd3.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>['Little Albert' experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment), Watson and Rayner *J Exp Psychol* 1920</figcaption></div>
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<div style="width:400px;float:left; margin:0 20px"><img src="figs/ne24_0897_1_4204cd3.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>
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['Little Albert' experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment), Watson and Rayner *J Exp Psychol* 1920</figcaption></div>
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Note:
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---
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## Drugs of abuse affect dopamine projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens
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## Substances of abuse affect dopamine projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens
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<div style="width:500px"><figcaption class="big">Synaptic locations of action for psychoactive drugs of abuse</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-29.11-1R_copy_9e75248.jpg" width="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 29.11</figcaption></div>
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@@ -652,7 +657,7 @@ Exposure to drugs of abuse causes long-lasting enhancement of excitatory input t
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--
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## Circuits involved in drugs of abuse
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## Circuits involved in substances, "drugs", of abuse
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* Nicotine enhances input onto VTA by presynaptic excitation
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* Opioids, benzodiazepines, and cannabinoids act by hyperpolarizing GABAergic neurons
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--
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## Drugs of abuse act on endogenous neurotransmitter receptors and transporters
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## Substances of abuse act on endogenous neurotransmitter receptors and transporters
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<div style="font-size:0.6em">
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<div></div>
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Drug | Endogenous ligands | Mechanism of action
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Subtance | Endogenous ligands | Mechanism of action
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-------------- | ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------
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Nicotine | acetylcholine | Agonist of ligand gated channels (nAChR)
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THC | anandamide, 2AG | Agonist of cannabinoid receptors (GPCRs)
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@@ -694,20 +699,18 @@ MDMA (ecstasy) | | Inhibits 5-HT transporters and V
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Note:
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Cocaine
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DAT: dopamine transporter, extracellular
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NET: NA transporter, extracellular
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MAO: monoamine oxidase, intracellular.
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MAO
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: monoamine oxidase, intracellular
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: Catalyzes oxidation of monoamines (serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine (MAO-A) and dopamine, tyramine, tryptamine (MAO-A & MAO-B)
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: bound to outer membrane of mitochondria of most cell types in the body
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* : Catalyzes oxidation of monoamines (serotonin, melatonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine (MAO-A) and dopamine, tyramine, tryptamine (MAO-A & MAO-B)
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* : bound to outer membrane of mitochondria of most cell types in the body.
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VMAT2: vesicular monoamine transporter, intracellular
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: blocking VMAT2 can cause reverse transport direction (cytosol to synaptic cleft) for monoamine transporters. Particularly for MDMA and amphetamines
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VMAT2
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: vesicular monoamine transporter, intracellular
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: blocking VMAT2 can cause reverse transport direction (cytosol to synaptic cleft) for monoamine transporters. Particularly for MDMA and amphetamines
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: SLC18A2 gene
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---
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## Addictive drugs hijack the brain’s reward system by enhancing the action of VTA dopamine neurons
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## Addictive substances hijack the brain’s reward system by enhancing the action of VTA dopamine neurons
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* Drug addiction: compulsive drug use despite long-term negative consequences
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* Addiction: compulsive subtance intake despite long-term negative consequences
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* All drugs of abuse increase dopamine concentration at the output targets of the ventral tegmental area
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* Nucleus accumbens– processes reward information
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* Prefrontal cortex– goal selection and decision making
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Note:
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What is or is not a "drug"? Is it well defined by authoritative entities?
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<!--
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**aside: this gov organization has a strange focus on a list of certain substances and not many other notable substances or behaviors giving rise to substantial human addictions and health dependencies.**
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from samhsa, an organization from US Dept HHS...
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23 percent of individuals who use heroin become dependent on it. Altered conscious regulation of your behavior. 1 in 5.
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http://www.samhsa.gov/
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number of dependent users a year after first use 2008:
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- hallucinogens and sedatives 2%
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- pain relievers and alcohol 3%
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- heroin 13%
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- marijuana 6%
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- stimulants 5%
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- powder cocaine 4%
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-->
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---
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