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## Neural systems that control movement
<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-16.01-0_copy_c8e6e7d.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 16.1</figcaption></figure>
<div style="font-size:0.5em;">
<!-- date: -->
</div>
Note:
Today we will begin our examination of the pathways in the nervous system that modulate and give rise to volitional control of our skeletal muscles.
Recall–
lower motor neurons
: are the neurons that make synapses with muscle fibers
: located in ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter and cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem
TODO: replace chart
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## Upper motor neuron control
* Upper motor neuron axons regulate the excitability of lower motor neuron circuits in the brainstem and spinal cord
@@ -35,6 +11,27 @@ posture
: a position of person's body when standing or sitting
: a particular post adopted by an animal, interpreted as a signal of a specific pattern of behavior
--
## Neural systems that control movement
<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-16.01-0_copy_c8e6e7d.jpg" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 16.1</figcaption></figure>
<div style="font-size:0.5em;">
<!-- date: -->
</div>
Note:
We will begin our examination of the pathways in the nervous system that modulate and give rise to volitional control of our skeletal muscles.
Recall–
lower motor neurons
: are the neurons that make synapses with muscle fibers
: located in ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter and cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem
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@@ -92,11 +89,11 @@ Note:
Note:
Medial ventral horn has lower motor neurosn for posteure balance and orienting movements of head and neck during shits of visual gaze. Receive descending input from the pathways orginating mainly in the brainstem, course through the anterior medial white matter of the spional cord and terminate bilaterally.
Medial ventral horn has lower motor neurons for posture, balance, and orienting movements of head and neck during shits of visual gaze. Receive descending input from the pathways originating mainly in the brainstem, course through the anterior medial white matter of the spinal cord and terminate bilaterally.
Lateral ventral horn contains lower motor neurons that mediate skilled voluntary movements of the distal extremities. Receive descending projection from the contralateral motor cortex via lateral division of the corticospinal tract.
*First lets discuss the upper motor neurons of the brainstem*
Next, lets discuss the upper motor neurons of the brainstem.
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@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ There are actually both crossed and uncrossed vestibular projections.
<div style="font-size:0.7em;width:500px">
<div></div>
* Reticular formation
* Reticular formation
* Complex network of circuits located in the core of the brainstem-from midbrain to medulla
* Receives input from motor cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem
* Project to medial regions of spinal gray matter (**reticulospinal tract**)
@@ -139,14 +136,14 @@ There are actually both crossed and uncrossed vestibular projections.
Note:
Reticular formation neurons functions
: cardiovascular (regulate output of nucleus ambiguous) and respiratory control (ventrolateral medulla)
Reticular formation neurons functions
: cardiovascular (regulate output of nucleus ambiguous) and respiratory control (ventrolateral medulla)
: sensory motor reflexes
: coordination of eye movements
: regulation of sleep and wakefulness
: coordination of limb and trunk movments
: netlike, difficult to recognize distinct neuronal clusters
: does not have a uniform function as thought classically
: regulation of sleep and wakefulness
: coordination of limb and trunk movements
: netlike, difficult to recognize distinct neuronal clusters
: does not have a uniform function as thought classically
* rostral portions (mesencephalic and pontine) of reticular formation modulate forebrain activity (Moruzzi and Magoun EEG Clin. Neurophys 1949)
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ Reticular formation neurons functions
* "reticular activating system"
* caudal portions involved in premotor coordination of lower somatic and visceral motor neuron pools
feedforward postural control. stabilization during ongoing movements.
Feedforward postural control. Stabilization during ongoing movements.
*Reticulospinal tract is uncrossed (except for commisural spinal segment collaterals?)*
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ Note:
* rostral portions (gold, mesencephalic and pontine) of reticular formation modulate forebrain activity (Moruzzi and Magoun EEG Clin. Neurophys 1949)
* cholinergic neurons (superior cerebellar peduncle) and noradrenergic neurons (locus coeruleus) and serotonergic neurons (raphe nuclei)
* "reticular activating system"
* caudal portions (red) involved in premotor coordination of lower somatic and visceral motor neuron pools
* caudal portions (red) are upper motor neurons involved in coordination of lower somatic and visceral motor neuron pools
---