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vision1.md
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* We can do this at many different intensities of light from faint light to bright sunlight
* Two main components of the CNS are responsible for this: the retina in the eye and the visual centers of the brain
<div><img src="figs/pupil_485a6cd.png" height="100px"><figcaption>[H. Kolb Webvision, med.utah.edu](http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/gross-anatomy-of-the-ey/)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/pupil_485a6cd.png" height="100px"><figcaption>
[H. Kolb Webvision, med.utah.edu](http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/gross-anatomy-of-the-ey/)</figcaption></div>
Note:
## Today’s learning goals
Learning goals:
* Identify the major parts of eye and retinal anatomy and their functions
* Understand the main proteins involved in the signal transduction pathway that leads to changes in neurotransmitter release by photoreceptors in response to light
* Become aware of the main proteins involved in the signal transduction pathway that lead to changes in membrane potential, calcium flux, and ultimately changes in amount of neurotransmitter released by photoreceptive cells in response to light
* Learn the neural pathway that takes information from photoreceptors to the brain
* Understand the concept of the receptive field
@@ -68,7 +71,9 @@ Accommodation to focusing on near objects involves the contraction of the ciliar
<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-11.02-0_22affe3.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 11.2</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Distance and near object focus</figcaption><img src="figs/Focus_in_an_eye_4f68ced.png" height="150px"><figcaption>CC BY-SA 2.5 [commons.wikimedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Focus_in_an_eye.svg)</figcaption></div>
<div><figcaption class="big">Distance and near object focus</figcaption><img src="figs/Focus_in_an_eye_4f68ced.png" height="150px"><figcaption>
CC BY-SA 2.5 [commons.wikimedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Focus_in_an_eye.svg)</figcaption></div>
Note:
@@ -97,9 +102,9 @@ Pupil has circular muscles that contract when pupil closes, and radial bands of
Note:
Getting old lens loses elasticity with age.
The lens loses elasticity with age (trouble focusing on near objects).
diopter (us), is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres (that is, 1/metres)
diopter is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres (that is, 1/metres)
---
@@ -109,7 +114,9 @@ diopter (us), is a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved
* Floaters– happens when the vitreous slowly shrinks, it becomes stringy and the strands cast a shadow on the retina
* Refractive errors, near and far sightedness
<div><img src="figs/image3_82a9c00.png" height="200px"><figcaption>[cataracts, Mayo Clinic](http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/home/ovc-20215123)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/image3_82a9c00.png" height="200px"><figcaption>
[cataracts, Mayo Clinic](http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/home/ovc-20215123)</figcaption></div>
Note:
@@ -206,7 +213,9 @@ high degree of convergence, together with more direct path in and near fovea (on
<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-11.05-2R_31b8655.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 11.5</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/image5_b3120c1.png" height="300px"><figcaption>[H. Kolb Webvision, med.utah.edu](http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/gross-anatomy-of-the-ey/)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/image5_b3120c1.png" height="300px"><figcaption>
[H. Kolb Webvision, med.utah.edu](http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-i-foundations/gross-anatomy-of-the-ey/)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Ch11-Opener_4aa788d.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Ch. 11</figcaption></div>
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Note:
Four types of cone opsins in vertebrates (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2)
[from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin)
There are four types of cone photoreceptor opsins in vertebrates (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2)
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin)
name | abbr | type | bandwidth | color | human gene
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
@@ -316,6 +324,9 @@ short-wave sensitive 2 | SWS2 | cone | 400–470 nm | violet, blue (extinct in t
rhodopsin-like 2 | Rh2 | cone | 480–530 nm | green (extinct in mammals) |
rhodopsin-like 1 (vertebrate rhodopsin) | Rh1 | rod | ~500 nm | blue-green | OPN2 = Rho = human rhodopsin
Non-cone opsins expressed in vertebrate tissue include melanopsin *OPN4*
Melanopsin OPN4
: circadian rhythms, pupillary reflex, and color correction in high-brightness situations
: expressed in a small fraction of retinal ganglion neurons distributed across retina
@@ -325,8 +336,8 @@ therian mammals
: eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupials)
: not egg laying monotremes
Interesting table, [Opsins in the human eye, brain, and skin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin)
Opsins of "Type I" are ion channels and are found in most life forms (
>Like type II opsins, type I opsins have a seven transmembrane domain structure similar to that found in eukaryotic G-protein coupled receptors.
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-->
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<!--
## Color blindness
<div><img src="figs/image11_b0c9840.png" height="400px"><figcaption>[http://www.prokerala.com/health/eye-care/eye-test/color-blindness-test.php](http://www.prokerala.com/health/eye-care/eye-test/color-blindness-test.php)</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/image11_b0c9840.png" height="400px"><figcaption>
Note:
[http://www.prokerala.com/health/eye-care/eye-test/color-blindness-test.php](http://www.prokerala.com/health/eye-care/eye-test/color-blindness-test.php)</figcaption></div>
-->
---
## Rods and cones summary