lecture02

2016-09-17-lecture01.md

@@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ REASON YOU CANNOT ENROLL:
 
 ## Site keyboard bindings
 
-* Navigate: `arrow keys` and `spacebar`
+* Navigate: <arrow keys> and `spacebar`
 * Menu: `m`
 * Fullscreen: `f`
-* Overview: `o` or `esc`
-* Zoom object: `alt/option–click`
+* Overview: `o` or `esc` or <pinch (touch screen)>
+* Zoom object: <double–click>
 * Print: `...lecture.html?print-pdf`
 
-Recommend browser is Chrome on a laptop/PC. Some features (e.g. Zoom object or overview) may not work on tablet/touch screen devices.
+Recommend browser is Chrome on a laptop/PC. Some features (e.g. full screen, zoom) may not work on tablet/touch screen devices.
 
 ---
 
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ The mouse is a common model in neuroscience research.
 
 <div style="width:300px; float:left;"><img src="figs/abi_adult_mouse_brain_e79e400.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>Mouse brain 3D rendering, [Brain Explorer 2](http://mouse.brain-map.org/static/brainexplorer)</figcaption></div>
 
-<div style="width:430px; float:left;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/stPThgZ2Y5o" width="420" height="315"></iframe><figcaption>Green labeled neurons inside a mouse brain</figcaption></div>
+<div style="width:430px; float:left;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/stPThgZ2Y5o" width="420" height="315"></iframe><figcaption>Green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled neurons inside a mouse brain</figcaption></div>
 
 Note:
 
@@ -506,6 +506,26 @@ Note:
 
 Now there are two basic cell types in the nervous system, neurons and glia. We will revisit neurons more in a few minutes and will be talking all about their function over the ensuing lectures but first lets touch briefly on some of the types of glial cells and their known functions.
 
+Up to 90% of brain cells in mammals.
+
+During evolution the glia/neuron ratio basically follows a power relation ship [^Herculano-Houzel-2014] y(x) = kx^n where on a log-log plot k is the intercept and n is the slope. Some of this original comparative estimates of glia/neuron ratios among animals was performed by Friede (1954) 
+
+Perhaps only 10% of cells in invertebrates like drosophila.
+
+Other model organisms also have nervous system support cells like glia-- C. elegans has just 56 total 'glial cells'. They fall into three major populations (24 sheath cells, 26 socket cells, and 6 GLR). The 6 GLR cells are mesodermally derived.
+
+
+[^Herculano-Houzel-2014]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24807023
+[^Friede-1954]: Friede R. 1954. Der quantitative Anteil der Glia an der Cortex entwicklung. Acta Anat 20:290–296.
+
+<figure><img src="figs/Herculano-Houzel_Glia_2014-fig1_c60a7f3.png" height="100px"><figcaption>Herculano-Houzel, 2014 Fig. 1. cetacean open circles. primate closed circles. insectivore crosses. carnivore open square. afrotherian closed triangle.</figcaption></figure>
+
+afrotheria
+: african species
+: shrews, west indian manatees, elephants, moles
+
+
+
 ---
 
 ## Types of glia

2016-09-18-methods.md

@@ -100,4 +100,101 @@ Note:
 
 
 
+---
+
+
+## Brain imaging techniques
+
+* Computerized tomography (CT) scan– uses X-rays in 3-dimensions to generate a brain image
+* Can be digitally sectioned to show internal areas of the brain
+* Can distinguish between grey matter and white matter, see the ventricles,  has resolution of several millimeters
+
+<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Box-01Ba-0_2168a8d.jpg" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
+
+* Uses rotating magnets to generate image
+* Non-invasive
+* Can view images from any angle
+* Resolution under 1 mm
+* Can be adapted to do functional MRI imaging
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## Tumor detection
+
+MRI  
+CT-SCAN  
+
+<div><img src="figs/image29_a6736bb.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
+
+<div><video height=400px controls src="figs/Animation01-01MagneticResonanceImaging.mp4"></video><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Animation 1.1</figcaption></div> 
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
+
+* Oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin have different magnetic resonance signals
+* Brain areas activated by a specific task utilize O2, then a pulse of O2 comes back and creates an influx of oxy-hemoglobin
+* Can repeat task many times over
+* Spatial resolution– millimeters
+* Temporal resolution– seconds
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## fMRI
+
+
+
+<div><img src="figs/handclench_3bcf600.jpeg" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+
+Note:
+
+
+---
+
+## Mapping brain activity with fMRI
+
+<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-27.06-0_2687612.png" height="400px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 27.6</figcaption></figure>
+
+Note:
+
+
+
+---
+
+## Lie detection with fMRI
+
+<div><img src="figs/image30_b6c88a3.png" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+
+Note:
+
+build a new age lie detector
+
 ---