lecture03 init

2016-09-17-lecture01.md

@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ REASON YOU CANNOT ENROLL:
 
 ## Site keyboard bindings
 
-* Navigate: <arrow keys> and `spacebar`
+* Navigate: arrow keys and `spacebar`
 * Menu: `m`
 * Fullscreen: `f`
-* Overview: `o` or `esc` or <pinch (touch screen)>
-* Zoom object: <double–click>
+* Overview: `o` or `esc` or pinch (touch screen)
+* Zoom object: double–click
 * Print: `...lecture.html?print-pdf`
 
 Recommend browser is Chrome on a laptop/PC. Some features (e.g. full screen, zoom) may not work on tablet/touch screen devices.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ Note:
 
 Glia  
 : greek for 'glue'  
-: outnumber neurons 10-50 fold  
+: outnumber neurons 10-50 fold (higher mammals)
 : structural support for neurons  
 : remove debris and maintain a functional nervous system environment  
 

2016-09-24-lecture02.md

@@ -58,42 +58,42 @@ Note:
 - Cell stain is Nissl stain
 - Fiber stain is Luxol Fast blue
 
-Luxol fast blue stain
-: stain and observe myelin for light microscopy
-: a copper phthalocyanine dye
-: soluble in alcohol
-: binds bases found in lipoproteins of myelin sheath
+Luxol fast blue stain  
+: stain and observe myelin for light microscopy  
+: a copper phthalocyanine dye  
+: soluble in alcohol  
+: binds bases found in lipoproteins of myelin sheath  
 
-Hematoxylin and eosin stain
-: H&E stain
-: Hematoxylin is also called natural black 1, it is a chemical from the heartwood of the logwood tree 
-: hemalum is formed from aluminum ions and hematein (an oxidation product of hematoxylin) and binds to DNA, staining nuclei dark blue
-: eosin stains hydrophilic cytoplasm, generally intra- or extra- cellular proteins staining tissue red
+Hematoxylin and eosin stain  
+: H&E stain  
+: Hematoxylin is also called natural black 1, it is a chemical from the heartwood of the logwood tree  
+: hemalum is formed from aluminum ions and hematein (an oxidation product of hematoxylin) and binds to DNA, staining nuclei dark blue  
+: eosin stains hydrophilic cytoplasm, generally intra- or extra- cellular proteins staining tissue red  
 
-Nissl stain
-: basic dyes (e.g. aniline, thionine, or cresyl violet)
-: stain negatively charged RNA blue
-: Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
+Nissl stain  
+: basic dyes (e.g. aniline, thionine, or cresyl violet)  
+: stain negatively charged RNA blue  
+: Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum)  
 
-Thionine
-: thionine acetate or Lauth's violet
-: tetramethyl thionine is methylene blue
+Thionine  
+: thionine acetate or Lauth's violet  
+: tetramethyl thionine is methylene blue  
 
-aniline
-: aromatic amine
-: precursor to polyurethane and many industrial chemicals
-: indigo dye prepared from aniline
+aniline  
+: aromatic amine  
+: precursor to polyurethane and many industrial chemicals  
+: indigo dye prepared from aniline  
 
-Nissl substance
-: large granules of RER with rosettes of free ribosomes
-: sites of protein synthesis
-: found in neurons
-: named for Franz Nissl
+Nissl substance  
+: large granules of RER with rosettes of free ribosomes  
+: sites of protein synthesis  
+: found in neurons  
+: named for Franz Nissl  
 
-Heidenhahn
-: 1892
-: lithium carbonate
-: myelin stain
+Heidenhahn  
+: 1892  
+: lithium carbonate  
+: myelin stain  
 
 
 
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ Note:
 
 The term we use for cell bodies grouped together in the PNS is ganglia. In the CNS cell bodies are accumulated together as nuclei or if they are arranged in highly ordered sheets or lamina it is called cortex.
 
-Cortex
-: latin for bark
-: outermost (or superficial) layer of an organ
-: kidney cortex
+Cortex  
+: latin for bark  
+: outermost (or superficial) layer of an organ  
+: kidney cortex  
 
 
 --
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ Here is one of those cell body violet stained sections-- you can see the cortica
 
 </div>
 
-<div style="margin:0 50px;"><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A02-0_crop_ce0acbb.png" height="500px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+<div style="margin:0 50px;"><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A02-0_crop_ce0acbb.png" height="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A2</figcaption></div>
 
 <!-- <div style="margin:0 50px;"><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Appendix-Opener_c87eac5.png" height="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e</figcaption></div> -->
 
@@ -188,11 +188,11 @@ Think about how the nerves represent incoming and outgoing info from a specific
 
 cervical enlargement
 
-lumbar enlargement
-: nerves which supply the lower limbs
+lumbar enlargement  
+: nerves which supply the lower limbs  
 
-cauda equina
-: nerves that innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs. Includes motor innervation of the hips, knees, ankles, feet, internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
+cauda equina  
+: nerves that innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs. Includes motor innervation of the hips, knees, ankles, feet, internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.  
 
 Spinal nerves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
 
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ Cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement
 
 ## Spinal cord
 
-<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A04-0_823983c.png" height="500px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A04-0_823983c.png" height="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A4</figcaption></div>
 
 Note:
 
@@ -272,14 +272,14 @@ Note:
 
 ## Internal anatomy of the spinal cord
 
-<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A05-2R_crop_8491c98.png" height="500px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A05-2R_crop_8491c98.png" height="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A5</figcaption></div>
 
 
 Note:
 
-sympathetic chain ganglia
-: stress, flight or flight response, epinephrine
-: 20–30K cell bodies
+sympathetic chain ganglia  
+: stress, flight or flight response, epinephrine  
+: 20–30K cell bodies  
 
 ---
 
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Note:
 
 ## Brain stem cranial nerves
 
-<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A07-1R_1b511b4.png" height="500px"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
+<figure><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A07-1R_1b511b4.png" height="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A7</figcaption></figure>
 
 <!-- <div><img src="figs/cranial-nerves-facial-optic-oculomotor-trochlear-trigeminal-abducens-facial-vestibulocochlear-glossopharyngeal-vagus-accessory-hypoglossal2_7ba3227.jpg" height="300px"><figcaption></figcaption></div> -->
 
@@ -491,10 +491,10 @@ Note:
 
 Now we're gonna use our forebrains to learn about the forebrain.
 
-Cerebrum
-: the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure
-: cerebral hemispheres– cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb
-: develops from embryonic structure the telencephalon
+Cerebrum  
+: the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure  
+: cerebral hemispheres– cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb  
+: develops from embryonic structure the telencephalon  
 
 
 ---
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ Note:
 
 ## Brain organization summary
 
-<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A12-1R_094c533.png" height="315px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
+<div><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-A12-1R_094c533.png" height="315px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. A12</figcaption></div>
 
 <div><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/snO68aJTOpM" width="420" height="315"></iframe><figcaption>Pinky and the Brain</figcaption></div>
 
@@ -1012,10 +1012,36 @@ And since each side of the brain to some degree can work independently of the ot
 
 Note:
 
-Here is an illustration of the experiment performed by by Sperry and his colleagues for these split brain studies. After the corpus callosum connecting the two hemisphere was cut to alleviate epileptic seizures, the patients were asked to fixate on a point and name objects presented in each visual field.  Now you haven’t learned about the visual system yet, but just as sensory information from your left hand goes to your right hemisphere, visual information from the lateral part of your left visual field goes to your right visual cortex. Split brain patients could not correctly name objects presented in their left visual field, presumably because that info could not reach the left hemispheres because the callosal connections were severed. But split brain patients could correctly name an object when presented in their right visual field, because that information was received by the left visual cortex and could be passed onto the language centers.
+Here is an illustration of the experiment performed by by Sperry and his colleagues for these split brain studies. 
+
+After the corpus callosum connecting the two hemisphere was cut to alleviate epileptic seizures, the patients were asked to fixate on a point and name objects presented in each visual field. 
+
+Now you haven’t learned about the visual system yet, but just as sensory information from your left hand goes to your right hemisphere, visual information from the lateral part of your left visual field goes to your right visual cortex. 
+
+Split brain patients could not correctly name objects presented in their left visual field, presumably because that info could not reach the left hemispheres because the callosal connections were severed. But split brain patients could correctly name an object when presented in their right visual field, because that information was received by the left visual cortex and could be passed onto the language centers.
 
 In all Sperry and his colleagues showed that language, mathematical, and logical reasoning is dominant in the left hemisphere and that shape recognition, spatial attention, emotional processing, and creativity in more dominant in the right hemisphere.
 
+*right hemisphere: 'coloring' language with emotive tonal variation, 'prosody'. Adds additional meaning to verbal communication. Mandarin chinese. Monotone professor lecture*. Evidence suggest similar areas of the right hemisphere associate with this emotive coloring of language. 
+
+Similar areas used in sign language thus this constellation of brain regions specializes in symbolic representation and communication, rather than just spoken language.
+
+
+PET:
+: positron emission tomography
+: detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a radioactive tracer injected into bloodstream (positron-emitting radionuclide)
+
+CT:
+: computerized tomography
+: a series of X-ray images from different angles
+: computer processing to create cross-sectional images
+
+
+Babbling sounds from a baby shows that there is a pattern of sounds produced sequentially that are related to the phones necessary for producing spoken language. Language imitation follows other imitations (mirror neurons?) during developmental learning and behavioral acquistion. Brain is continuously simulating the future based on past experienced training patterns.
+
+
+
+
 --